10Base specifications, 144, 202–203

10Base2 (Ethernet), 135–137

10Base5 (Ethernet), 135–137

10BaseT (Ethernet)

full-duplex, 137

half-duplex, 135–137

1900 series switches, 178

configuration, 178–187

ports, numbering, 179

2-wire circuits, 521, 597

4-wire circuits, 521, 597

802.10 tagging (VLANs), 177, 205

802.1Q tagging (VLANs), 175, 177, 205

access layer (WANs), 592–593

access links (Frame Relay), 531, 599

access lists, 455

configuration commands, 494

deny all traffic, 461

deny statements, 461

displaying details for all protocols, 460

extended IP, 460, 466–472, 476

displaying details of, 460

matching options, 467

matching parameters, 495, 497

extended IPX, 484–487

matching parameters, 484

protocol types, 485

socket parameter, 485

filtering logic, 461, 479

functionality of, 460

named IP, 472–475

named IPX, 490–493

permit statements, 461

SAP filters, 487–490

configuration, 646–647

matching parameters, 490, 498

planning, 675–680

verifying operation, 696

versus IPX packet filters, 489

standard IP, 460, 462–465, 476

configuration, 646–647

controlling vty port access, 475–476

displaying details of, 460

matching options, 466

matching parameters, 495

planning, 675–680

standard IPX, 479–483

configuration, 646–647

matching parameters, 484, 497

statements, 467, 495

access rate (Frame Relay), 531, 599

access-class command, 476, 494

accessing CLI, 28–29

access-list command, 460, 477, 491, 494, 496

ACK field (TCP connection establishment), 223

acknowledgement numbers (error recovery), 89

active configuration file (IOS), 39

Address Mask Request/Reply ICMP message, 228

address violations (switch ports), 185

addresses

addressing schemes, 108

AppleTalk addresses

grouping, 107

structure, 109, 117

broadcast addresses, 97, 235, 254–258315

burned-in addresses, 97

Frame Relay DLCIs, 531, 534–538, 600

IP addresses, 235, 315

calculating, 429–435, 449–450

calculating assignable addresses in a

network/subnet, 258–259

Class A networks, 236–237, 239

Class B networks, 236–237, 239

Class C networks, 236–237, 239

displaying, 178

displaying for neighboring routers, 696

format, 240

format with subnetting, 320

Frame Relay full mesh networks, 539

Frame Relay hybrid full/partial mesh

networks, 540–541

Frame Relay partial mesh networks,

539–540

Frame Relay subinterfaces, 284–286

grouping, 107

host portion, 236, 239–240, 316

hostnames, displaying, 273

interfaces, displaying, 273

mapping to Frame Relay DLCIs, 543–548,

552

mapping to MAC addresses, 226–227

naming, 288–289

network masks, 236, 315

network portion, 236, 239–240, 316

planning, 675–680

prefix notation, 269

Private Addressing, 269–270

secondary addresses, 283–284

setting, 178

structure, 108, 117

subnet masks, 236, 316

subnet portion, 236, 239–240, 244, 316

subnets, calculating, 328–330, 340–341

translating for invalid hosts with NAT,

270–272

wildcard masks, 462–463

IPX addresses, 296, 333–337, 347–349

calculating, 435–443, 450–453

displaying for neighboring routers, 696

features, 297

Frame Relay full mesh networks, 539

Frame Relay hybrid full/partial mesh

networks, 540–541

Frame Relay partial mesh networks,

539–540

grouping, 107

mapping to Frame Relay DLCIs,

543–548, 552

node portion, 308

secondary addresses, 662–664, 681–684

secondary addressing, 303

structure, 108, 117

MAC addresses, 96–98, 115, 138

BIAs, 138

bit order, 139

broadcast addresses, 138

components, 138

dynamic, 182

features, 139

format, 139

functional addresses, 138

LAAs, 138

LAN card addressing, 138

mapping to IP addresses, 226–227

multicast addresses, 138

OUI, 138

permanent, 182

restricted-static entries, 182

standard IPX access list concerns, 483

switch ports, limiting associations with,

183–185

switches, setting permanent/restricted, 178

tables, displaying, 178

unicast, 138

multicast addresses, 97

network layer addresses, 107–112, 121–127

addressing schemes, 108

grouping, 107

structure, 108–109

unicast addresses, 97

address-violation command, 178, 185

administrative distance (routes), 402

ANSI standards (FDDI), 143–144, 202

AppleTalk

addresses

grouping, 107

structure, 109, 117

cable ranges, 107

integrating with IP and IPX, 414

application layer, 75, 78, 113

(OSI reference model Layer 7)

encapsulation, 82–83

AR (access rate), Frame Relay, 531, 599

arbitration, Ethernet/Token Ring, 95

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 107, 217,

226–227

cache, displaying, 273

Inverse ARP, 547-548, 674, 697

ARPA IPX Ethernet encapsulation type, 301, 319

asynchronous serial leased lines (WANs), 521, 597

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networks

CCNA exam coverage, 590

LANE, 177

strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

auto summarization (IP routes), 389–395, 420

autonegotiation

Ethernet, 143

switches, 180

addresses

autosense (Frame Relay LMI), 532

auxiliary ports (routers), 26

backward explicit congestion notification (BECN),

531, 600

balanced hybrid routing protocols, 361–362

bandwidth command, 551, 594

Basic Rate Interface,

BRI

BCMSN (Building Cisco Multilayer Switched

Networks), 6

BCRAN (Building Cisco Remote Access Networks),

6

BECN (backward explicit congestion notification),

531, 600

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 360

BIAs (burned-in addresses), 138

binary values, converting to decimal and

hexadecimal values, 777–785

blocking state (Spanning Tree), 158, 170, 204–205

boot field (router configuration register), 51

boot system command, 50

boot system flash command, 51, 55

boot system ROM command, 51, 55

boot system tftp command, 51, 55

booting routers and bypassing NVRAM

configuration files, 52

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 360

BRI (Basic Rate Interface), ISDN, 567

configuration, 578–590

DDR parameters, displaying, 580

features, 567

information, displaying, 580

bridges

cost values for root bridge election in Spanning

Tree, 163

IDs, 162

versus routers and switches, 157–158, 203–204

bridging, 145–147

broadcast addresses, 97, 235, 315

calculating from IP addresseses and network

masks, 254–258

MAC addresses, 138

broadcast command, 585

broadcast domains, 150, 152

VLANs

broadcast firewalls, 156

broadcast subnet, 261

broadcasts (Frame Relay handling), 542

BSCN (Building Scalable Cisco Networks), 6

buffering, 92

Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks

(BCMSN), 6

Building Cisco Remote Access Networks (BCRAN), 6

Building Scalable Cisco Networks (BSCN), 6

burned-in addresses, (BIAs), 138

burst rate (Frame Relay), 531, 599

cable ranges (AppleTalk), 107

cabling (WANs)

connectors, 529

standards, 528–529

Can’t Fragment code (Destination Unreachable

ICMP message), 230, 317

carrier sense multiple access collision detect,

CSMA/CD

CBPDUs (Configuration Bridge Protocol Data

Units), 158, 162

CCDA (Cisco Certified Design Associate)

certification, 4–7

course associations, 6–7

exam requirements, 6–7

WAN certification, 7–8

CCDP (Cisco Certified Design Professional)

certification, 4–7

course associations, 6–7

exam requirements, 6–7

prerequisite certifications, 5

specialization certifications, 8

WAN certification, 7–8

CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert)

certification, 4–7

exam, 4

ISP Dial certification, 7

prerequisite certification, 5

SNA-IP certification, 8

WAN certification, 7–8

CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert)

CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate)

certification, 4–7

course associations, 6–7

exam requirements, 6–7

justification for, xx

training path recommended for, 11–12

exam

memory recall, xxiii

prerequisite knowledge for starting

preparation, xx

strategies for preparation, xxi

study aids, 4

study aids in book, 12–18

topics, 9–10

WAN certification, 7–8

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional)

certification, 4–7

course associations, 6–7

exam requirements, 6–7

prerequisite certifications, 5

specialization certifications, 8

WAN certification, 7–8

CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol), 45–47, 658

disabling, 46

enabling, 46

cdp enable command, 46

cdp run command, 46

certifications

CCDA, 4–7

CCDP, 4–8

CCIE, 4–7

CCIE ISP Dial, 7

CCIE SNA-IP, 8

CCNA, 4–7, 11–12

CCNP, 4–8

routing and switching, 5

WANs, 7–8

Challenge Handshake Authentication,

CHAP), 525,

574-576

channels (ISDN), 567, 675

CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication), 525,

574–576

CID (Cisco Internetwork Design), 7

CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 267–269

CIR (committed information rate), 531, 599

Cisco Certified Design Associate,

CCDA

Cisco Certified Design Professional,

CCDP

Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert,

CCIE

Cisco Certified Network Associate,

CCNA

Cisco Certified Network Professional,

CCNP

Cisco Discovery Protocol,

CDP

Cisco Internetwork Design (CID), 7

Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting (CIT), 6

Cisco Networking Academy, CCNA exam strategies

after completion, 16–17

Cisco Systems training partners, 11

CiscoWorks, 39

CIT (Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting), 6

Class A networks, 236–238

IP addresses, 236–237, 239

masks, 236, 316

network masks, 239

network numbers, 237–238

subnetting, 242

Class B networks, 236–238

IP addresses, 236–237, 239

IP subnet design, 330–331, 341–344

masks, 236, 316

network masks, 239

network numbers, 237–238

subnetting, 242

Class C networks, 236–238

IP addresses, 236–237, 239

IP subnet design, 331–332, 344–347

masks, 236, 316

network masks, 239

network numbers, 237–238

subnetting, 242

classless interdomain routing, (CIDR), 267-269

CLI (command-line interface), IOS, 21

accessing, 28–29

configuration mode, 34–37, 56

console configuration mode, 35

navigating, 30–34

password configuration, 54

privileged EXEC mode, 34, 37, 56

routers versus switch CLI, 178, 187

setup mode, 40–45

switches, 177–178, 187

user EXEC mode, 34, 56

client mode (VTP), 195–196

clock source (WAN synchronous serial leased lines),

521, 597

CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate)

collision domains, 150

command-line interface,

CLI

commands, 595

access-class, 476, 494

access-list, 460, 477, 491, 494, 496

address-violation, 178, 185

bandwidth, 551, 594

boot system, 50

boot system flash, 51, 55

boot system ROM, 51, 55

boot system tftp, 51, 55

broadcast, 585

cdp enable, 46

cdp run, 46

compress, 523, 527, 594

configuration mode end, 37

configure terminal, 178, 181

confreg, 53

context-sensitive help, 674

copy, 39, 56

copy nvram tftp, 186–187

copy running-config startup-config, 187

copy startup-config running-config, 53

copy startup-config tftp, 186–187

copy tftp, 179

copy tftp flash, 49–50, 697

debug, 32–34

debug dialer, 580, 596

debug dialer events, 589

debug dialer packets, 589

debug frame-relay, 552, 597

debug frame-relay events, 561–562

debug frame-relay lmi, 559

debug ip icmp, 281

debug ip igrp, 374

debug ip igrp event, 381–382, 417

debug ip igrp events, 374, 419

debug ip igrp transaction, 381–382, 417, 673

debug ip igrp transactions, 419, 666, 687

debug ip packet, 273, 279, 322

debug ip rip, 374, 379, 383, 390–391, 417, 419,

650, 656–657

debug ip rip event, 656

debug ip rip events, 649

debug ipx rip activity, 417

debug ipx routing, 304, 322

debug ipx routing activity, 313–314, 407–408,

648, 657, 665, 686

debug ipx routing event, 648

debug ipx routing events, 312, 314

debug ipx sap, 304, 322

debug ipx sap activity, 314, 408–409, 417, 648,

657, 664, 685

debug ipx sap event, 648

debug ipx sap events, 314, 657

debug isdn q921, 580, 596

debug isdn q931, 580, 589, 596

debug lapb, 597

debug ppp, 597

delete nvram, 187

delete vtp, 188

dialer fast-idle, 586

dialer idle-timeout, 586

dialer in-band, 579, 583, 595

dialer load-threshold, 578, 586

dialer map, 579, 585, 596

dialer string, 579, 584, 595

dialer-group, 579, 583

dialer-list, 579, 595

enable, 674

enable secret, 674

encapsulation, 176, 523, 555, 594

encapsulation frame-relay, 551, 594

encapsulation hdlc, 524

erase startup-config, 40, 187

frame-relay interface-dlci, 552, 555, 557, 561,

595, 675

frame-relay lmi-type, 533, 551, 555, 594

frame-relay map, 547, 552, 563, 565, 594, 664

frame-relay payload-compress, 552, 595

frame-relay payload-compression frf9 stac, 565

frame-relay payload-compression packet-bypacket,

565

global commands, 35

history buffer, 31

hostname, 36, 289

interface, 35

interface ethernet 0, 36

interface serial, 552, 594

ip access-group, 460, 473, 494

ip access-list, 460, 494–495

ip access-list extended, 473

ip access-list standard, 473

commands

ip address, 36, 178, 272, 321

ip classless, 272, 292–296, 321

ip default-gateway, 178

ip default-network, 272, 294, 321

ip domain-lookup, 272, 289, 321

ip domain-name, 289

ip host, 272, 289, 321

ip maximum-paths, 395

ip mtu, 287

ip name-server, 272, 289, 321

ip netmask-format, 272, 321

ip rip send version, 388

ip route, 272, 294, 321, 585

ip routing, 272, 321

ip split horizon, 543

ipx access-group, 477, 491, 496

ipx access-list, 477, 496

ipx access-list extended, 491

ipx access-list sap, 491

ipx access-list standard, 491

ipx delay, 408

ipx input-sap-filter, 477, 491, 496

ipx maximum-paths, 304, 321, 409

ipx network, 304, 306, 311, 321, 405, 413

ipx output-sap-filter, 477, 491, 496

ipx per-host-load-share, 409

ipx routing, 304, 306, 308, 311, 321, 405

isdn answer1, 579, 595

isdn answer2, 579, 595

isdn caller, 579, 595

isdn spid1, 579, 595

isdn spid2, 579, 595

isdn switch-type, 579, 587, 595

keepalive, 552, 594

key commands

Ctrl+a, 55

Ctrl+b, 54

Ctrl+e, 55

Ctrl+f, 54

Ctrl+n, 54

Ctrl+p, 54

Ctrl+r, 55

Ctrl+z, 37

Esc+b, 55

Esc+f, 55

line aux, 29

line console, 29

line vty, 29

logging buffered, 33

logging host, 33

logging synchronous, 33

login, 29

mac-address-table permanent, 178, 183

mac-address-table restricted, 183

mac-address-table restricted static, 178

maximum-paths, 374, 395, 419

mtu, 287

navigating, 54–55

network, 374–376, 419

no address-violation, 185

no cdp enable, 46

no cdp run, 46

no debug all, 33, 381, 563

no ip classless, 294

no ip domain-lookup, 289

no ip split horizon, 543

no keepalive, 673

no router rip, 382

passive-interface, 374, 377, 419

ping, 232, 273, 279–283, 304, 318, 322, 375,

419, 528, 655, 671, 692, 696

port secure, 178, 184–185

ppp multilink, 578

recalling, 30–32, 696

resume, 291

router igrp, 374, 419

router rip, 374, 419

setup, 41

show access-list, 460, 478, 494

show access-list number, 497

show access-lists, 647, 696

show cdp entry, 46

show cdp interface, 47

show cdp neighbor, 46

show cdp neighbor detail, 46, 684, 694, 696,

698

show compress, 523, 527, 596

show controllers bri, 580

show debug, 281

show dialer interface bri, 580, 588, 596

show flash, 50

show frame-relay, 552, 596

show frame-relay lmi, 672, 691–692

commands

show frame-relay map, 558, 562, 669, 671, 693,

696–697

show frame-relay pvc, 558, 669, 690, 694, 697

show hosts, 273, 321

show interface, 278, 321, 523, 552, 596, 651,

667, 688

show interfaces, 178, 181, 273

show interfaces bri, 580, 587, 596

show ip, 178, 181

show ip access-list, 460, 494

show ip arp, 273, 279, 321, 654, 657, 671, 691

show ip host, 289

show ip interface, 273, 278, 321, 460, 494

show ip interface brief, 273, 276, 321, 647, 664,

673, 684, 693

show ip protocol, 374, 382, 417, 419, 652, 668,

673

show ip route, 273, 275, 277, 280–281, 321,

374, 378, 380, 382, 384, 390, 392, 396–403,

417, 419, 654, 657, 671, 673, 691, 696

show ip route, 402

show ipx access-list, 478, 497

show ipx interface, 304, 307–308, 322, 478, 497

show ipx interface brief, 652, 664, 668, 690, 693

show ipx route, 304, 322, 406, 408, 417, 652,

657, 668, 673, 690, 693, 696

show ipx servers, 304, 314, 322, 407–408, 417,

653, 657, 669, 671, 673, 685, 690–691, 693

show ipx traffic, 304, 322

show isdn, 580, 596

show isdn active, 588

show isdn status, 589

show mac-address-table, 178, 183–184

show process, 523, 528, 596

show running-config, 40, 61, 178, 180, 274,

276–277, 279, 653, 670

show spantree, 188, 193

show startup-config, 40

show trunk, 188, 191, 193

show version, 178, 186–187

show vlan, 188, 190

show vlan-membership, 188, 193

show vtp, 188, 199

subcommands, 35

telnet, 289

terminal history size, 31

terminal ip netmask, 279

terminal ip netmask-format, 273, 275, 322

trace, 230, 273, 322, 375, 419, 654, 657, 671,

692

traffic-share, 374, 419

traffic-share balanced, 395

traffic-share min, 395

trunk, 188, 191

tunnel destination, 413

tunnel mode, 413

tunnel source, 413

undebug all, 648

variance, 374, 395, 419

vlan, 188

vlan-membership, 188

vtp, 188, 199

vtp trunk pruning-disable, 188

write erase, 40, 187

write terminal, 279

committed information rate, (CIR), 531, 599

compress command, 523, 527, 594

compression

Frame Relay frames, 549–551

payload compression (Frame Relay),

configuration, 563–567

synchronous serial leased lines, 526–528

configuration, 619–620, 629–631

CHAP, 576

DDR

connection termination, determining, 586

determining the subset of packets that

trigger dialing, 582–583

dialing, 583–585

over ISDN BRI, 578–590

routing packets out the interface to be

dialed, 581

extended IPX access lists, 486–487

Frame Relay, 620–622, 631–636

using point-to-point subinterfaces, 681–

684

without subinterfaces, 662–664

Frame Relay payload compression, 563–567

HDLC, 523–528

IGRP for IP, 681–684

IP, 272–283, 426–429, 444–449, 662–664

IPX

on Frame Relay networks with point-topoint

subinterfaces, 308–311

configuration

on networks with multiple Ethernet

encapsulations, 311–314

on networks with point-to-point serial

links, 305–308

ISDN, 578–590

ISDN switches, 587

MAC address table entries for switches, 182–

185

Multilink PPP, 578

named IP access lists, 474–475

named IPX access lists, 492–493

point-to-point leased lines, 619–620, 629–631

PPP, 523–528, 646–647

RIP for IPX, 681–684

routers

Frame Relay, 551–553

Frame Relay, with hybrid multipoint/

point-to-point subinterfaces, 559–563

Frame Relay, with point-to-point

subinterfaces, 555–559

Frame Relay, without subinterfaces,

553–555

IGRP, 374–403

in setup mode, 40–45

IP, 272–283, 426–429, 444–449, 662–664

IP RIP, 646–647

IPX, 303–314, 339, 349–351, 405–409,

662–664

ISL encapsulation, 176

NVRAM, bypassing, 51

password recovery, 52–53

RIP, 374–403

RIP-2, 386–389

SAP filters, 489

standard IPX access lists, 481, 483

switches, 178–187

as VTP clients, 199

as VTP servers, 198

default settings for 1900 series, 179

duplex support, 180–182

IP support, 180–182

methods of, 178

trunks, 188, 190–191

tunneling, 412–413

VLANs

issues before beginning, 187

on a single switch, 188–190

on multiple switches, 190–193

VTP, 196–199

Configuration Bridge Protocol Data Units,

(CBPDUs), 158, 162

configuration file (IOS)

active, 39

copying between RAM, NVRAM, and TFTP,

39–45

erasing from NVRAM, 40

example, 37–38

managing, 39–45

moving between RAM, NVRAM, and TFTP,

56

routers

copying to TFTP servers, 187

erasing at reload time, 187

updating at reload time, 187

saving, 674

startup, 39

storing, 39

switches

copying from TFTP servers, 179

copying to TFTP servers, 186–187

displaying version information, 178

erasing at reload time, 187

managing, 186–187

saving to TFTP servers, 179

updating at reload time, 187

updating, 35

upgrading, 697

viewing, 40, 57

configuration mode (IOS CLI), 34–35, 37, 56

configuration mode end command, 37

configuration register (routers), 51, 55

configure terminal command, 178, 181

confreg command, 53

congestion avoidance, 92

connectionless protocols, 87–89, 114

connection-oriented protocols, 87–89, 114

connections (TCP)

establishing, 222–224

terminating, 222–224

connectors (WAN cabling), 529

console configuration mode (IOS CLI), 35

console ports (routers), 26

contiguous networks, 391

convergence (distance vector routing protocols), 365

IPX

convergence issues, 365

conversion, decimal-to-hexadecimal-to-binary

values, 777–785

copy command, 39, 56

copy nvram tftp command, 186–187

copy running-config startup-config command, 187

copy startup-config running-config command, 53

copy startup-config tftp command, 186–187

copy tftp command, 179

copy tftp flash command, 49–50, 697

copying switch configuration files from

TFTP servers, 179

Core layer (WANs), 592–593

counting to infinity, 378–382

courses

BCMSN, xx, 6

BCRAN, 6

BSCN, xx, 6

CID, 7

CIT, 6

DCN, 6

ICND, xx–xxi, 6

CCNA exam strategies after taking course,

14–15

course summary, 11–12

ICRC, CCNA exam strategies after taking

course, 15–16

ITM, 11

versus exams, 7

CRC (cyclical redundancy check), 98

CRLS (Cisco Routing and LAN Switching) course,

ICND

CSMA/CD, 95, 135

drawbacks of, 135

shared Ethernet, 135

Ctrl+a key command, 55

Ctrl+b key command, 54

Ctrl+e key command, 55

Ctrl+f key command, 54

Ctrl+n key command, 54

Ctrl+p key command, 54

Ctrl+r key command, 55

Ctrl+z key command, 37

cut-through processing (switches), 152–153, 203

cyclical redundancy check, (CRC), 98

D channel (ISDN), 675

data communications equipment (DCE), 531, 599

data flow control,

flow control

data-link connection identifier,

DLCI

data link layer (OSI reference model Layer 2),

77–78, 113

addressing, 96–98

arbitration, 95–96

encapsulated data, identifying, 98–102

encapsulation, 81, 83–84

error detection, 98

functionality, 94, 102, 116

ISDN specifications, 568

Data Services Unit/Channel Services Unit, (DSU/

CSU), 521, 529, 597

data terminal equipment (DTE), 96

datagrams, 85

packets

data-link connection identifier,

DLCI

DCE (data communications equipment), 531, 599

DCN (Designing Cisco Networks), 6

DDR, (dial-on-demand routing), 574–575

connection termination, determining, 586

determining the subset of packets that trigger

dialing, 582–583

dialer profiles configuration method, 580–581

dialing, 583–585

legacy configuration method, 580–581

routing packets out the interface to be dialed,

581

DE (discard eligibility), 531, 600

debug command, 32–34

debug dialer command, 580, 596

debug dialer events command, 589

debug dialer packets command, 589

debug frame-relay command, 552, 597

debug frame-relay events command, 561–562

debug frame-relay lmi command, 559

debug ip icmp command, 281

debug ip igrp event command, 381–382, 417

debug ip igrp events command, 374, 419

debug ip igrp transaction command, 381–382,

417, 673

debug ip igrp transactions command, 374, 419,

666, 687

debug ip igrp transactions command

debug ip packet command, 273, 279, 322

debug ip rip command, 374, 379, 383, 390–391,

417, 419, 650, 656–657

debug ip rip event command, 656

debug ip rip events command, 649

debug ipx rip activity command, 417

debug ipx routing activity command, 313–314, 407–

408, 648, 657, 665, 686

debug ipx routing command, 304, 322

debug ipx routing event command, 648

debug ipx routing events command, 312, 314

debug ipx sap activity command, 314, 408–409, 417,

648, 657, 664, 685

debug ipx sap command, 304, 322

debug ipx sap event command, 648

debug ipx sap events command, 314, 657

debug isdn q921 command, 580, 596

debug isdn q931 command, 580, 589, 596

debug lapb command, 597

debug ppp command, 597

debugging, disabling, 563

decimal values, converting to hexadecimal and

binary values, 777–785

default route processing, 292–296

delete nvram command, 187

delete vtp command, 188

deny all traffic statement (access lists), 461

deny statements (access lists), 461

designated bridge (Spanning Tree), 161

Designing Cisco Networks (DCN), 6

destination service access point, (DSAP), 99

Destination Unreachable ICMP message, 227–230,

317

devices, icons for, xvii–xx

DF (Don’t Fragment) bits, 282

dialer fast-idle command, 586

dialer groups (ISDN), enabling, 579

dialer idle-timeout command, 586

dialer in-band command, 579, 583, 595

dialer load-threshold command, 578, 586

dialer map command, 579, 585, 596

dialer string command, 579, 584, 595

dialer-group command, 579, 583, 595

dialer-list command, 579, 595

dial-on-demand routing,

DDR

Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL), 361

Dijkstra algorithm, 360

discard eligibility (DE), 531, 600

discontiguous networks, 391

DISL (Dynamic Inter-Switch Link), 191

distance vector routing protocols, 362, 365, 422

CCNA exam coverage, 361

functions of, 374

loop issues, 365

multiple route networks, 418

routing operation, 362–374

distribute lists, 487

Distribution layer (WANs), 592–593

DIX Ethernet, 94

DLCI (data-link connection identifiers), 97, 531,

534–538, 600, 697

defining, 552

mapping to IP/IPX addresses, 543–548, 552

subinterface assignments, 553

DNS (Domain Name System), UDP interaction, 224

domains

broadcast domains, 150, 152

collision domains, 150

VTP, 194

naming, 197

passwords, 197

Don’t Fragment (DF) bits, 282

DRAM (dynamic random-access memory), 26

DSAP (destination service access point), 99

DSU/CSU (Data Services Unit/Channel Services

Unit), 521, 529, 597

DTE (data terminal equipment), 96

DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 361

Dynamic Inter-Switch Link (DISL), 191

dynamic MAC addresses, 182

E/1 lines, 521, 598

Echo ICMP message, 228, 232

EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), 360

EIA/TIA 232 WAN cabling standard, 529

EIA/TIA 232 WAN interface standard, 599

EIA/TIA 449 WAN cabling standard, 529

EIA/TIA 449 WAN interface standard, 599

EIA/TIA 530 WAN cabling standard, 529

EIA/TIA 530 WAN interface standard, 599

EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP), 361–362, 415, 417

debug ip packet command

auto summarization, 395

equal-metric routes, 395

route aggregation, 393–395

electing, 162

enable command, 674

enable password, 674

enable secret command, 674

encapsulation, 83–86, 118

application layer processes, 83

data link layer processes, 83–84

Frame Relay, 532–534, 551, 604

identifying encapsulated data, 98–102

IPX, 299–303, 319, 662–664, 681–684

Layer 3 protocols, 409

network layer processes, 83

OSI layer processes, 81–82

physical layer processes, 84

presentation layer processes, 83

session layer processes, 83

steps of, 84–85

switches

802.10, 177, 205

802.1Q, 175, 177, 205

ISL, 175–177, 205

LANE, 177, 205

transport layer processes, 83

encapsulation command, 176, 523, 555, 594

encapsulation frame-relay command, 551, 594

encapsulation hdlc command, 524

encapsulation protocol (tunneling), 410

Enhanced IGRP,

EIGRP

equal-cost IP routes, 395

erase startup-config command, 40, 187

error detection, 98, 525

PPP, 524

versus error recovery, 88

error recovery, 89

acknowledgement numbers, 89

connection-oriented protocols, 88

LLC2, 91, 114

procedures, 89–91

SPX, 91, 114

TCP, 89, 91, 114, 220–221, 320, 674

versus error detection, 88

WAN protocols, 522

Esc+b key command, 55

Esc+f key command, 55

E-series ISDN protocols, 568

Ethernet, 94, 144, 202–203

10Base2, 135–137

10Base5, 135–137

10BaseT, 135

full-duplex, 137

half-duplex, 135–137

arbitration, 95

CSMA/CD, 95

DIX Ethernet, 94

encoding, 102, 116

Fast Ethernet, 142–143, 145

full-duplex, 153–154

Gigabit Ethernet, 142–143, 145

hubs, 135

IEEE standards, 143–144, 202–203

IPX encapsulation, 301–302, 319

MAC address bit order, 139

MAC addresses, 96

multicast addresses, 97

shared, CSMA/CD, 135

exam (CCNA)

prerequisite knowledge for starting

preparation, xx

memory recall, xxiii

strategies for preparation, xxi

study aids, 4

study aids in book, 12–18

topics, 9–10

versus courses, 7

extended IP access lists, 460, 466–472, 476

displaying details of, 460

filtering logic, 461

matching options, 467

matching parameters, 495

extended IPX access lists, 484–487

filtering logic, 479

matching parameters, 484, 497

protocol types, 485

socket parameter, 485

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), 360

Fast Ethernet, 142–143, 145

FCS (frame check sequence), 88, 98

FCS (frame check sequence)

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

ANSI standards, 143–144, 202

IPX encapsulation, 302

MAC address bit order, 139

FECN (forward explicit congestion notification),

531, 600

File Transfer Protocol,

FTP

filtering,

access lists

FIN field, TCP connection establishment, 223

Flash memory, 48

routers, 27

verifying contents of, 50

flash updates (loops), 372, 422

flow control, 91, 115

buffering, 92

congestion avoidance, 92

TCP, 221–222

terminology, 93–94

windowing, 93

forward acknowledgment, 89, 220

Forward Delay Timer (Spanning Tree), 165, 170

forward explicit congestion notification (FECN),

531, 600

Forwarding state (Spanning Tree), 158, 170, 204–

205

fragment-free processing (switches), 152–153, 203

frame check sequence (FCS), 88, 98

Frame Relay, 529, 590

access links, 531, 599

access rate, 531, 599

BECN, 531, 600

broadcast handling, 542

burst rate, 531, 599

CIR, 531, 599

components, 530

configuration, 551–553, 620–625, 631, 636–

637

using point-to-point subinterfaces, 681–

684

with hybrid multipoint/point-to-point

subinterfaces, 559–563

with point-to-point subinterfaces, 555–559

without subinterfaces, 553–555, 662–664

DCE, 531, 599

DE, 531, 600

DLCIs, 531, 534–538, 600

defining, 552

mapping to IP/IPX addresses, 543–548,

552

subinterface assignments, 553

DTE, 531, 599

encapsulation, 532–534, 604

encoding, 102, 116

frames

compression, 549–551

encapsulation, 551

full mesh networks

IP addresses, 539

IPX addresses, 539

global addressing, 536–537

headers, 101

hybrid full/partial mesh networks

IP addresses, 540–541

IPX addresses, 540–541

initialization process, 549–551, 602

interfaces, Status Enquiry messages, 675

ISDN backup, 575

LAPF, 531, 533, 600

LMI, 531–534, 600

autosense feature, 532

flow information, 552

messages, 551

protocols, 532

status enquiry message, 532

status enquiry messages, keepalives, 552

types, 533, 600

local addressing, 537

maps, 543–548, 662–664

multipoint subinterfaces

compression, 565

deployment guidelines, 552

multivendor interoperability, 533

NBMA, 531, 600

network layer concerns, 538–543

networks

characteristics, 530

planning, 658–661

partial mesh networks

IP addresses, 539–540

IPX addresses, 539–540

payload compression, configuration, 563–567

physical components, 96

point-to-point subinterfaces

compression, 552, 565

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

deployment guidelines, 552

PVCs, 530, 599

displaying, 697

status, displaying, 552

specifications, 532

split horizon issues, 542–543

strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

subinterfaces

creating, 552

DLCI assignments, 553

IP addresses, 284–286

multipoint, 285

planning, 552

point-to-point, 285

subnets, 285

SVCs, 530, 599

switching, 534–538

VCs, 97, 530, 599

addressing, 534–538

status, displaying, 697

verifying connectivity, 612–618, 627–629

frame-relay interface-dlci command, 552, 555, 557,

561, 595, 675

frame-relay lmi-type command, 533, 551, 555, 594

frame-relay map command, 547, 552, 563, 565, 594,

664

frame-relay payload-compress command, 552, 595

frame-relay payload-compression frf9 stac

command, 565

frame-relay payload-compression packet-by-packet

command, 565

frames, 96, 117

formats, 96

Frame Relay

compression, 549–551

encapsulation, 551

LANs, 140–142

latency, decreasing with switch processing, 152

packets, segments

framing WAN synchronous serial leased lines, 520

FRF.9 payload compression (Frame Relay

frames), 550

FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 232–234

control connections, 320

versus TFTP, 234, 318

full mesh Frame Relay networks

IP addresses, 539

IPX addresses, 539

full-duplex 10BaseT Ethernet, 137

full-duplex Ethernet and switches, 153–154

full-duplex switch ports, 180–182

function groups (ISDN), 570–573, 601, 675

functional addresses (MAC addresses), 138

gateways, 178

Get Nearest Server (GNS), 353, 404, 658

Gigabit Ethernet, 142–143, 145

global addressing (Frame Relay), 536–537

global commands, 35

GNS (Get Nearest Server), 353, 404, 658

GOSIP (Government OSI Profile), 74

group addresses (MAC addresses), 138

half-duplex 10BaseT Ethernet, 135–137

half-duplex switch ports, 180–182

HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control), 95–96, 101,

520, 590, 598

compression, 526–528

configuration, 523–528

encoding, 102, 116

strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

headers, 82

Frame Relay, 101

IP (TTL field), 230

TCP, 217–218

UDP, 225

Hello time timer (Spanning Tree), 165

help (IOS commands), 30–32

hexadecimal values, converting to decimal and

binary values, 777–785

High-Level Data Link Control,

HDLC

history buffer (commands), resizing, 31

holddown timers, 367–373, 418, 422

host addresses,

IP addresses

Host Unreachable code (Destination Unreachable

ICMP message), 229, 317

Host Unreachable code (Destination Unreachable ICMP message)

hostname command, 36, 289

hostnames, mapping to IP addresses, 288–289

hosts

communication between, 82–83

subnets, calculating given a network number

and static subnet mask, 265–267

hubs (Ethernet), 135

full-duplex 10BaseT Ethernet, 137

half-duplex 10BaseT Ethernet, 135–137

hybrid full/partial mesh Frame Relay networks,

540–541

ICMP, 217, 697

echo messages, sending/receiving, 375

functions of, 227

messages

Address Mask Request/Reply, 228

Code field, 228

Destination Unreachable, 227–230, 317

Echo, 228, 232

Parameter Problem, 228

Redirect, 228, 231

Router Advertisment and Selection, 228

Source Quench, 227

Time Exceeded, 227, 230–231

Timestamp, 228

Type field, 228

ICND (Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices),

xxi, 6, 11

CCNA exam strategies after taking course, 14–

15

course summary, 11–12

icons

network connections, xix–xx

network devices, xvii–xx

peripheral devices, xviii–xx

ICRC (Introduction to Cisco Router Configuration),

15–16

IDs (bridges), 162

IEEE 802.3,

Ethernet

IEEE 802.5,

Token Ring

IEEE standards (LANs), 143–144, 202

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 353,

362, 417

auto summarization, 389, 394

CCNA exam coverage, 361

configuration, 374–403

enabling, 375–376

equal-metric routes, 395

features, 373

IP

configuration, 681–684

enabling, 662–664

metrics, 373, 377–378

packets, displaying log messages, 374

route aggregation, 394

router behavior, 362–363

subnet mask issues, 383–385

updates, displaying log messages, 374

versus RIP, 373, 418

image files (IOS), 48

determining which to load, 50–53

upgrading into Flash memory, 48–50

infinite metrics, 371

integrated multiprotocol routing, 413–416, 421, 674

Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices,

ICND

interface command, 35

interface ethernet 0 command, 36

interface serial command, 552, 594

interfaces

displaying information for, 178

Frame Relay, Status Enquiry messages, 675

IP parameters, displaying settings, 273

ISDN, 698

routers, 27

numbering, 28

synchronous serial interfaces, 528

statistics, displaying, 273

summary information, displaying, 273

switches, numbering, 179

tunnel interfaces, 409

ports

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol,

IGRP

International Telecommunications Union (ITU),

529, 568

Internetwork Operating System,

IOS

Internetworking Technology Multimedia (ITM), 11

Inter-Switch Link,

ISL

Introduction to Cisco Router Configuration (ICRC),

15-16

Inverse ARP, 547–548, 674, 697

hostname command

IOS (Internetwork Operating System), 26

CLI, 21, 177

accessing, 28–29

configuration mode, 34–35, 37, 56

configuration modes, moving between, 35

console configuration mode, 35

navigating, 30–34

password configuration, 54

privileged EXEC mode, 34, 37, 56

router versus switch, 187

setup mode, 40–45

user EXEC mode, 34, 56

configuration file

active, 39

copying between RAM, NVRAM, and

TFTP, 39–45

erasing from NVRAM, 40

example, 37–38

managing, 39–45

moving between RAM, NVRAM, and

TFTP, 56

saving, 674

startup, 39

storing, 39

updating, 35

upgrading, 697

viewing, 40, 57

distribute lists, 487

image files, 48

determining which to load, 50–53

upgrading into Flash memory, 48–50

moving between configuration modes, 674

privileged EXEC mode, 29–30

routers, interactions with, 26

syslog, 32–34

user EXEC mode, 29–30

IP

access lists, extended, 460, 466–472, 476

displaying details of, 460

filtering logic, 461

matching options, 467

matching parameters, 495

access lists, named, 472–475

access lists, standard, 460, 462–465, 476

configuration, 646–647

controlling vty port access, 475–476

displaying details of, 460

filtering logic, 461

matching options, 466

matching parameters, 495

planning, 675–680

addresses, 117, 235, 315

calculating, 429–435, 449–450

calculating assignable addresses in a

network/subnet, 258–259

Class A networks, 236–237, 239

Class B networks, 236–237, 239

Class C networks, 236–237, 239

displaying, 178

displaying for neighboring routers, 696

format, 240

format with subnetting, 320

Frame Relay full mesh networks, 539

Frame Relay hybrid full/partial mesh

networks, 540–541

Frame Relay partial mesh networks,

539–540

Frame Relay subinterfaces, 284–286

grouping, 107

host portion, 236, 239–240, 316

hostnames, displaying, 273

interfaces, displaying, 273

mapping to Frame Relay DLCIs,

543–548, 552

naming, 288–289

network masks, 236, 315

network portion, 236, 239–240, 316

planning, 675–680

prefix notation, 269

Private Addressing, 269–270

secondary addresses, 283–284

setting, 178

structure, 108

subnet masks, 236, 316

subnet portion, 236, 239–240, 244, 316

translating for invalid hosts with NAT,

270–272

wildcard masks, 462–463

ARP cache, displaying, 273

CIDR, 267–269

configuration, 180, 182, 272–283, 426–429,

444–449, 662–664

connectivity, verifying, 696

headers (TTL field), 230

IP

IGRP

configuration, 681–684

enabling, 662–664

integrating with IPX and AppleTalk, 414

interface settings, displaying, 273

interior routing protocols, 417

IP Version 4, 267

IP Version 6, 267

NAT, 267, 270–272, 316

packets

filtering, 460–462

fragmentation, 287–288

log messages, issuing, 273

MTU, 287–288

Private Addressing, 267, 269–270

RIP

configuration, 646–647

versus IPX RIP, 403, 420

routes

aggregating, 389–395, 420

auto summarization, 389–395, 420

default, 292–296

equal-cost, 395

metrics, displaying, 657

static routes, 662–664

troubleshooting, 396–403

routing protocol details, displaying, 374

routing protocols, 359

routing protocols, interior, 362

routing tables, displaying, 374

Telnet sessions, 304

ip access-group command, 460, 473, 494

ip access-list command, 460, 494–495

ip access-list extended command, 473

ip access-list standard command, 473

ip address command, 36, 178, 272, 321

ip classless command, 272, 292–296, 321

ip default-gateway command, 178

ip default-network command, 272, 294, 321

ip domain-lookup command, 272, 289, 321

ip domain-name command, 289

ip host command, 272, 289, 321

ip maximum-paths command, 395

ip mtu command, 287

ip name-server command, 272, 289, 321

ip netmask-format command, 272, 321

ip rip send version command, 388

ip route command, 272, 294, 321, 585

ip routing command, 272, 321

ip split horizon command, 543

IPX, 353

access lists, extended, 484–487

filtering logic, 479

matching parameters, 484, 497

protocol types, 485

socket parameter, 485

access lists, named, 490–493

access lists, SAP filters, 487–490

configuration, 646–647

matching parameters, 490, 498

planning, 675–680

verifying operation, 696

versus IPX packet filters, 489

access lists, standard, 479–483

configuration, 646–647

filtering logic, 479

matching parameters, 484, 497

addresses, 333–337, 347–349

calculating, 435–443, 450–453

displaying for neighboring routers, 696

features, 297

Frame Relay full mesh networks, 539

Frame Relay hybrid full/partial mesh

networks, 540–541

Frame Relay partial mesh networks,

539–540

grouping, 107

mapping to Frame Relay DLCIs, 543–548,

552

node portion, 308

secondary addresses, 681–684

secondary addressing, 303

structure, 108, 117, 296

configuration, 339, 349–351, 405–409, 662–

664

on Frame Relay networks with point-topoint

subinterfaces, 308–311

on networks with multiple Ethernet

encapsulations, 311–314

on networks with point-to-point serial

links, 305–308

connectivity, verifying, 696

enabling on routers, 306

IGRP

encapsulation, 299–303, 319, 662–664, 681–

684

GNS, 353, 404, 658

integrating with IP and AppleTalk, 414

interface parameter settings, displaying, 304

network numbers

calculating, 435–443, 450–453

creating, 306

networks, configuring multiple on the same

Ethernet link, 302

packets

filtering, 476–479

sending to verify connectivity, 304

RIP, 353

configuration, 681–684

enabling, 662–664

metrics, 658

versus IP RIP, 403, 420

route metrics, displaying, 657

router configuration, 303–314

routing, 297–298

tables, displaying, 304

updates, displaying, 304

SAP, 353, 403–404

tables, displaying, 304

updates, displaying, 304

traffic, displaying statistics on, 304

ipx access-group command, 477, 491, 496

ipx access-list command, 477, 496

ipx access-list extended command, 491

ipx access-list sap command, 491

ipx access-list standard command, 491

ipx delay command, 408

ipx input-sap-filter command, 477, 491, 496

ipx maximum-paths command, 304, 321, 409

ipx network command, 304, 306, 311, 321, 405, 413

ipx output-sap-filter command, 477, 491, 496

ipx per-host-load-share command, 409

ipx routing command, 304, 306, 308, 311, 321, 405

ISDN, 697

as backup router connection, 575

as Frame Relay backup, 575

backup usage, 574

BRI, 567

configuration, 578–590

DDR parameters, displaying, 580

features, 567

information, displaying, 580

CHAP, 574–576

D channel, 675

DDR, 574–575

configuration over ISDN BRI, 578–590

connection termination, determining, 586

determining the subset of packets that

trigger dialing, 582–583

dialing, 583–585

routing packets out the interface to be

dialed, 581

deployment, typical, 574

dial in/dial out capabilities, enabling, 579

dial strings, defining, 579

dialer groups, enabling, 579

function groups, 570–573, 601, 675

incoming call numbers, defining, 579

interfaces, 698

LAPD, 569

Layer 2 messages, displaying, 580

Layer 3 messages, displaying, 580

modems, 573

Multilink PPP, 577–578

out-of-band signaling, 569

packets (outgoing), determining as

interesting, 580

PAP, 574–576

PPP, 569

PRI, 567

protocols, 568–570

reference points, 570–573, 601, 698

SBus, 573

signaling, 580

specifications, 568–570, 698

SPIDs, 570

defining, 579

subaddresses, 573

status information, displaying, 580

switches

configuration, 587

defining to router, 579

telecommuting environment, 575

traffic, defining as interesting, 579

isdn answer1 command, 579, 595

isdn answer2 command, 579, 595

isdn caller command, 579, 595

isdn spid1 command, 579, 595

isdn spid1 command

isdn spid2 command, 579, 595

isdn switch-type command, 579, 587, 595

I-series ISDN protocols, 568

ISL (Inter-Switch Link) tagging

configuring routers for, 176

VLANs, 175–177, 205

ISP Dial certification (CCIE), 7

ITM (Internetworking Technology Multimedia), 11

ITU (International Telecommunications Union),

529, 568

keepalive command, 552, 594

keepalives

Frame Relay LMI status enquiry messages, 552

LMI, 675

key commands

Ctrl+a, 55

Ctrl+b, 54

Ctrl+e, 55

Ctrl+f, 54

Ctrl+n, 54

Ctrl+p, 54

Ctrl+r, 55

Ctrl+z, 37

Esc+b, 55

Esc+f, 55

LAAs (Locally Administered Addresses), 138

LAN addresses,

MAC addresses

LANE (LAN Emulation), 177, 205

LANs (local-area networks)

frames, 140–142

loops, 158–159

segmenting

with bridges, 145, 157–158, 203–204

with routers, 157–158, 203–204

with switches, 148–154, 157–158, 203–

204

LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced), 520, 522,

590, 598

compression, 526–528

strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

LAPD (Link Access Procedure on the D channel),

522, 598

ISDN, 569

versus PPP on ISDN BRI B channels, 604

LAPF (link access procedure-frame mode bearer

services), 531, 533, 600

LAT (Local Area Transport), 110

latency (frames), decreasing with switch processing

latency, 152

Layer 1,

physcial layer

Layer 2,

data link layer

Layer 3,

network layer

Layer 4,

transport layer

Layer 5,

session layer

Layer 6,

presentation layer

Layer 7,

application layer

LCP (Link Control Protocol), 524–525

Learning state (Spanning Tree), 170, 205

leased lines,

synchronous serial leased lines

line aux command, 29

line console command, 29

line vty command, 29

Link Access Procedure Balanced,

LAPB

Link Access Procedure on the D channel,

LAPD

link access procedure-frame mode bearer services

(LAPF), 531, 533, 600

Link Control Protocol (LCP), 524-525

Link Quality Monitoring (LQM), 524-525

link-state routing protocols, 360, 362, 422

CCNA exam coverage, 361

OSPF, 361

Listening state (Spanning Tree), 170, 205

LLC (Logical Link Control), 94

LLC2 (error recovery), 91, 114

LMI (Local Management Interface), 531–534, 600

autosense feature, 532

flow information, displaying, 552

keepalives, 675

messages

defining, 551

status enquiry, 532

protocols, 532

status enquiry messages (keepalives), 552

types, 533, 600

local addressing (Frame Relay), 537

Local Management Interface,

LMI

isdn spid2 command

local-area networks,

LANs

Locally Administered Address (LAAs), 138

logging buffered command, 33

logging host command, 33

logging synchronous command, 33

Logical Link Control (LLC), 94

login command, 29

loops (routing), 230

detecting with LCP, 525

detecting with PPP, 525

distance vector routing protocols, 365

flash updates, 372

LANs, 158–159

triggered updates, 372

troubleshooting, 367–373, 418

LQM (Link Quality Monitoring), 524–525

MAC (Media Access Control)

addresses, 96–98, 115, 138

BIAs, 138

bit order, 139

broadcast addresses, 138

components, 138

dynamic, 182

features, 139

format, 139

functional addresses, 138

LAAs, 138

LAN card addressing, 138

mapping to IP addresses, 226–227

multicast addresses, 138

OUI, 138

permanent, 182

restricted-static entries, 182

standard IPX access list concerns, 483

switch ports, limiting associations with,

183–185

switches (permanent/restricted settings),

178

tables, displaying, 178

unicast, 138

protocols, 94

switches

configuring entries, 182–185

displaying entries, 182–185

sample output, 183

mac-address-table permanent command, 178, 183

mac-address-table restricted command, 183

mac-address-table restricted static command, 178

magic numbers (looped link detection), 525

maps (Frame Relay), 543–548

masks

Class A networks, 236, 316

Class B networks, 236, 316

Class C networks, 236, 316

network masks, 236, 315

Class A networks, 239

Class B networks, 239

Class C networks, 239

subnet masks, 236, 239–240, 316

display types, setting, 273

information, entering, 674

RIP-1/IGRP issues, 383–385

MaxAge timer (Spanning Tree), 165, 167

maximum transmission unit,

MTU

maximum-paths command, 374, 395, 419

MD5 (Message Digest 5), 574

Media Access Control,

MAC

memory

Flash, 48

routers, 27

verifying contents of, 50

NVRAM, 27

RAM, 26

ROM, 27

routers, 56

Message Digest 5 (MD5), 574

metrics

displaying, 696

IGRP, 373, 377–378

infinite, 371

IP routes, displaying, 657

IPX RIP, 658

IPX routes, displaying, 657

RIP, 364, 373

ticks, 403

modems (ISDN), 573

MTU (maximum transmission unit), IP packets,

287–288

mtu command, 287

multicast addresses, 97, 138

multicast addresses

Multilink PPP, 577–578

multiple route networks, 418

multiplexing

TCP, 218–220

UDP, 224

multipoint subinterfaces (Frame Relay), 285

compression, 565

deployment guidelines, 552

multiprotocol routing, 413–416, 421, 674

named IP access lists, 472–475

named IPX access lists, 490–493

naming

IP addresses, 288–289

VLANs, 188

NAT (Network Address Translation), 267, 270–272,

316

navigating IOS CLI, 30–34

NBMA (nonbroadcast multiaccess), 531, 600, 674

neighboring devices, learning about via CDP, 45–47

NetBEUI, 110

NetBIOS, 110

NetSys Connectivity Tools, 39

NetWare, 211

protocols, 297

versus OSI and TCP/IP, 86–87

Network Address Translation (NAT), 267, 270-272,

316

network addresss,

network numbers

network command, 374–376, 419

Network File System (NFS), 77, 224

network layer (OSI reference model Layer 3), 76,

78, 113

addresses, 121–127

addressing schemes, 108

grouping, 107

structure, 108–109

addressing, 107–112

encapsulation, 81, 83

Frame Relay concerns, 538–543

ISDN specifications, 569

routing, 103–107

network masks, 236, 315

network numbers, 235, 315

aggregating with CIDR, 267–269

calculating from IP addresseses an network

masks, 245–253

Class A networks, 237–238

Class B networks, 237–238

Class C networks, 237–238

IPX

calculating, 435–443, 450–453

creating, 306

planning, 675–680

network service access point (NSAP), 69

Network Unreachable code (Destination

Unreachable ICMP message), 229, 317

networks, 235, 315

broadcast addresses, calculating from IP

addresseses and network masks, 254–258

Class A, 236–238

IP addresses, 236–237, 239

masks, 236, 316

network masks, 239

network numbers, 237–238

subnetting, 242

Class B, 236–238

IP addresses, 236–237, 239

IP subnet design, 330–331, 341–344

masks, 236, 316

network masks, 239

network numbers, 237–238

subnetting, 242

Class C, 236–238

IP addresses, 236–237, 239

IP subnet design, 331–332, 344–347

masks, 236, 316

network masks, 239

network numbers, 237–238

subnetting, 242

connections, icons for, xix–xx

contiguous, 391

discontiguous, 391

Frame Relay, planning, 658–661

IP addresses, calculating number of assignable

addresses given an IP address and mask,

258–259

IPX, configuring multiple on the same Ethernet

link, 302

planning, 641–645

Multilink PPP

private Internets, 269

subnets

network masks

Class A networks, 239

Class B networks, 239

Class C networks, 239

NFS (Network File System), 77, 224

no address-violation command, 185

no cdp enable command, 46

no cdp run command, 46

no debug all command, 33, 381, 563

no ip classless command, 294

no ip domain-lookup command, 289

no ip split horizon command, 543

no keepalive command, 673

no router rip command, 382

nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA), 531, 600, 674

nonroot ports (Spanning Tree)

blocking on, 164

forwarding on, 164

nonroutable protocols, 109–110

nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM), 27

Novell NetWare,

NetWare

Novell-ether IPX Ethernet encapsulation type, 301,

319

Novell-fddi IPX FDDI encapsulation type, 302

NSAP (network service access point), 69

NT1 (Network Termination Type 1) ISDN function

group, 572

NT1/NT2 (Network Termination Type 1/Network

Termination Type 2) ISDN function group, 572

NT2 (Network Termination Type 2) ISDN function

group, 572

numbering

router interfaces, 28

switch ports, 179

NVRAM (nonvolatile RAM), 27

Open Shortest Path First,

OSPF

Open Systems Interconnection reference model,

OSI reference model

Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI), 97, 138

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference

model

application layer, 75, 78, 113

benefits of the layered model, 78–79

current usage, 74

data link layer, 75, 77–78, 113, 568

interaction between layers, 79–86

justification for, 69

network layer, 75–76, 78, 113

Frame Relay concerns, 538–543

ISDN specifications, 569

origin/evolution, 74

physical layer, 75, 77–78, 113, 568

presentation layer, 75, 78, 113

session layer, 75–76, 78, 113

transport layer, 75–76, 78, 113

versus NetWare and TCP/IP protocol suites,

86–87

versus other models, 77

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 361–362, 417

auto summarization, 395

route aggregation, 395

OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier), 97, 138

out-of-band signaling (ISDN), 569

packets, 85, 117

IGRP, displaying log messages, 374

IP

filtering, 460–462

fragmentation, 287–288

log messages, displaying, 273

MTU, 287–288

IPX

filtering, 476–479

sending to verify connectivity, 304

ISDN, outgoing, determining as interesting, 580

redirecting, 231

datagrams, frames, segments

packet-switching services (WANs), 590

ATM, strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

Frame Relay, strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

X.25, strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 525, 574–

576

Parameter Problem ICMP message, 228

Parameter Problem ICMP message

partial mesh Frame Relay networks

IP addresses, 539–540

IPX addresses, 539–540

passenger protocol (tunneling), 410

passive-interface command, 374, 377, 419

Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), 525,

574-576

passwords

CLI, configurations, 29, 54

enable password, 674

VTP domains, 197

payload compression

Frame Relay, configuration, 563–567

Frame Relay frames, 550

permanent MAC addresses, 182

permit statements (access lists), 461

physical layer (OSI reference model Layer 1),

77–78, 113

encapsulation, 81, 84

ISDN specifications, 568

ping command, 232, 273, 279–283, 304, 318, 322,

375, 419, 528, 655, 671, 692, 696

point-to-point data link protocols

HDLC, configuration, 523–528

PPP, configuration, 523–528

point-to-point leased lines, 619–620, 629–631

verifying connectivity, 608–612, 626–627

point-to-point serial links

compression, 526–528

synchronous serial interfaces, 528–529

point-to-point subinterfaces (Frame Relay), 285

compression, 552, 565

deployment guidelines, 552

poison reverse, 367–373, 422

port secure command, 178, 184–185

port security (switches), 183–185

Port Unreachable code (Destination Unreachable

ICMP message), 230, 317

ports

numbers, well-known, 219

routers

auxiliary ports, 26

console ports, 26

switches

address violations, 185

assigning to VLANs, 188

duplex settings, verifying, 181–182

full-duplex, 180–182

half-duplex, 180–182

IP configuration, verifying, 181–182

MAC addresses, limiting associations

with, 183–185

numbering, 179

security, setting, 178

VLAN membership, displaying, 188

vty ports, controlling access with IP access lists,

475–476

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 520, 523, 590, 598

configuration, 523–528, 646–647

error detection, 525

ISDN, 569

LCP, 524–525

looped link detection, 525

strengths/weaknesses, 591, 601

versus LAPD on ISDN BRI B channels, 604

ppp multilink command, 578

Predictor (compression software), 525

presentation layer (OSI reference model Layer 6),

75, 81, 83, 78, 113

PRI (Primary Rate Interface), ISDN, 567

Private Addressing (IP), 267, 269–270

private Internets, 269

privileged EXEC mode (IOS CLI), 29–30, 34, 56

processors (routers), 27

Protocol Unreachable code (Destination

Unreachable ICMP message), 230, 317

protocols

connectionless, 87–89, 114

connection-oriented, 87–89, 114

encapsulation protocol (tunneling), 410

Ethernet, 94

HDLC, 95

ISDN protocols, 568–570

Layer 3, encapsulation, 409

LMI protocols, 532

MAC protocols, 94

NetWare, 297

nonroutable protocols, 109–110

passenger protocol (tunneling), 410

routed protocols, 111–112, 359

partial mesh Frame Relay networks

routing protocols, 109, 111–112, 353, 359

auto summarization, 389

balanced hybrid protocols, 361

BGP, 360

comparison of, 360–362

definition of, 360

distance vector routing protocols, 359–374

EGP, 360

goals of, 359

link-state protocols, 360

troubleshooting, 396–403

TCP, 87

Token Ring, 94

transport protocol (tunneling), 410

pruning (VLANs), disabling, 188

PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 530, 599

displaying for Frame Relay networks, 697

status, displaying, 552

Q-series ISDN protocols, 568

R ISDN reference point, 572

RAM (random-access memory), 26

Redirect ICMP message, 228, 231

reference points (ISDN), 570–573, 601, 698

resizing, 31

restricted-static MAC address entries, 182

resume command, 291

RFCs (Request for Comments), 534

RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 353

CCNA exam coverage, 361

configuration, 374–403

enabling, 375–376

enabling on IPX networks, 311

features, 373

IP

configuration, 646–647

versus IPX, 403

versus IPX RIP, 420

IPX, 353

configuration, 681–684

enabling, 662–664

metrics, 658

versus IP RIP, 420

metrics, 364, 373

updates, displaying log messages, 374

versus IGRP, 373, 418

RIP-1 (RIP Version 1), 361–362, 417

auto summarization, 389, 394

integrating with RIP-2, 388

migrating to RIP-2, 388

route aggregation, 394

router behavior, 362–363

subnet mask issues, 383–385

RIP-2 (RIP Version 2), 361–362, 386–389, 417

auto summarization, 394

configuration, 386–389

features, 419

integrating with RIP-1, 388

migrating from RIP-1, 388

route aggregation, 394

ROM (read-only memory), 27

rommon (ROM monitor), 52

root bridge (Spanning Tree), 161–162, 170

root port (Spanning Tree), 161, 164, 656

route poisoning, 367–373, 418, 422

routed protocols, 111–112, 359

Router Advertisment and Selection ICMP

message, 228

router igrp command, 374, 419

router rip command, 374, 419

routers

auxiliary connections, configuration, 29

booting, bypassing NVRAM configuration

files, 52

Cisco product line, 593, 603

CLI versus switch CLI, 178

components, 26–28

configuration

for ISL encapsulation, 176

Frame Relay, 551–553

Frame Relay, with hybrid multipoint/

point-to-point subinterfaces, 559–563

Frame Relay, with point-to-point

subinterfaces, 555–559

routers

Frame Relay, without subinterfaces,

553–555

IGRP, 374–403

in setup mode, 40–45

IP, 272–283, 426–429, 444–449, 662–664

IP RIP, 646–647

IPX, 303–314, 339, 349–351, 405–409,

662–664

NVRAM, bypassing, 51

password recovery, 52–53

RIP, 374–403

RIP-2, 386–389

configuration files

copying to TFTP servers, 187

erasing at reload time, 187

updating at reload time, 187

configuration register, 51, 55

console connections, configuration, 29

IGRP characteristics, 362–363

interfaces, 27

ISDN, 698

numbering, 28

IOS control over, 26

IPX parameter settings, displaying, 304

IPX, enabling, 306

ISDN backups, 574–575

listening for RIP/IGRP traffic, 377

memory, 27, 56

Flash, 27

NVRAM, 27

RAM, 26

ROM, 27

neighboring devices

finding information about, 698

IP addresses, listing, 696

IPX addresses, listing, 696

learning about via CDP, 45–47

password recovery, 52–53

ports

auxiliary ports, 26

console ports, 26

processors, 27

RIP-1 characteristics, 362–363

synchronous serial interfaces, 528

Telnet connections, 289–292

concurrent, 29

configuration, 29

version information, displaying, 187

versus bridges and switches, 157–158, 203–204

routes

administrative distance, 402

counting to infinity, 378–382

default routes, 292–296

equal cost routes, 366–367

IP

aggregating, 389–395, 420

auto summarization, 389–395, 420

equal-cost, 395

metrics, displaying, 657

static, 662–664

troubleshooting, 396–403

IPX metrics, displaying, 657

split horizon, 378–382

troubleshooting when there are multiple routes

to the same subnet, 366–367

routing

address resolution, 107

distance vector routing, 362–374

integrated multiprotocol routing, 413–416, 421,

674

IPX, 297–298, 304

loops, troubleshooting, 367–373

protocol flows, 155–156

update timers, 365

routing and switching certifications, 5

routing protocols, 109, 111–112, 353, 359

auto summarization, 389

balanced hybrid protocols, 361

balanced hybrid routing protocols, 362

BGP, 360

comparison of, 360–362

definition of, 360

distance vector routing protocols, 359, 361–

374, 418, 422

convergence, 365

functions of, 374

loops, 365

routing operation, 362–374

EGP, 360

goals of, 359

interior IP, 417

link-state routing protocols, 360, 362, 422

CCNA exam coverage, 361

routers

OSPF, 361

troubleshooting, 396–403

Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP), 413

routing tables, 111–112, 122

displaying, 273

IP, displaying, 374

IPX, displaying, 304

RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance Protocol), 413

S ISDN reference point, 572

S/T ISDN reference point, 572

SAP (Service Advertising Protocol), 99, 353

enabling on IPX networks, 311

IPX, 353, 403–404

packets, internetwork transactions, 487

timers, 487

updates

bandwidth overhead, 488

filtering, 476–479, 487–490

SAP filters, 487–490

configuration, 646–647

matching parameters, 490

planning, 675–680

verifying operation, 696

versus IPX packet filters, 489

SAP IPX Ethernet encapsulation type, 301, 319

SAP IPX FDDI encapsulation type, 302

SAP IPX Token Ring encapsulation type, 302

SAP tables

displaying, 657

IPX, displaying, 304

SAP updates

IPX

displaying, 304

saving

IOS configuration files, 674

switch configuration files to TFTP servers, 179

SBus (ISDN), 573

SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control), 522, 598

security (switch ports), setting, 178

segments, 85, 117

server mode (VTP), 195–196

servers (TFTP)

copying switch configuration files from, 179

saving switch configuration files to, 179

session layer (OSI reference model Layer 5), 76, 78,

81, 83, 113

setup command, 41

setup mode (router configuration), 40–45

shared Ethernet

CSMA/CD, 135

shortest path first (SPF algorithm), 360

show access-list command, 460, 478, 494

show access-list number command, 497

show access-lists command, 647, 696

show cdp entry command, 46

show cdp interface command, 47

show cdp neighbor command, 46

show cdp neighbor detail command, 46, 684, 694,

696, 698

show compress command, 523, 527, 596

show controllers bri command, 580

show debug command, 281

show dialer interface bri command, 580, 588, 596

show flash command, 50

show frame-relay command, 552, 596

show frame-relay lmi command, 672, 691–692

show frame-relay map command, 558, 562, 669,

671, 693, 696–697

show frame-relay pvc command, 558, 669, 690, 694,

697

show hosts command, 273, 321

show interface command, 278, 321, 523, 552, 596,

651, 667, 688

show interfaces bri command, 580, 587, 596

show interfaces command, 178, 181, 273

show ip access-list command, 460, 494

show ip arp command, 273, 279, 321, 654, 657, 671,

691

show ip command, 178, 181

show ip host command, 289

show ip interface brief command, 273, 276, 321,

647, 664, 673, 684, 693

show ip interface command, 273, 278, 321, 460, 494

show ip protocol command, 374, 382, 417, 419, 652,

668, 673

show ip route ? command, 402

show ip route ? command

show ip route command, 273, 275, 277, 280–281,

321, 374, 378, 380, 382, 384, 390, 392, 396–403,

417, 419, 654, 657, 671, 673, 691, 696

show ipx access-list command, 478, 497

show ipx interface brief command, 652, 664, 668,

690, 693

show ipx interface command, 304, 307–308, 322,

478, 497

show ipx route command, 304, 322, 406, 408, 417,

652, 657, 668, 673, 690, 693, 696

show ipx servers command, 304, 314, 322, 407–408,

417, 653, 657, 669, 671, 673, 685, 690–691, 693

show ipx traffic command, 304, 322

show isdn active command, 588

show isdn command, 580, 596

show isdn status command, 589

show mac-address-table command, 178, 183–184

show process command, 523, 528, 596

show running-config command, 40, 61, 178, 180,

274, 276–277, 279, 653, 670

show spantree command, 188, 193

show startup-config command, 40

show trunk command, 188, 191, 193

show version command, 178, 186–187

show vlan command, 188, 190

show vlan-membership command, 188, 193

show vtp command, 188, 199

signaling (ISDN), 580

SNA, 110

SNA-IP certification (CCIE), 8

SNAP (Subnetwork Access Protocol), 99

SNAP IPX Ethernet encapsulation type, 301, 319

SNAP IPX FDDI encapsulation type, 302

SNAP IPX Token Ring encapsulation type, 302

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

sockets (connections), 218–220

Source Quench ICMP message, 227

Spanning Tree

blocking state, 161, 204

building initially, 162–165

CBPDUs, 162

configuration status, displaying for switches,

193–194

designated bridge, 161, 164

election process, 656

features of, 171

forwarding state, 161, 204, 656

functions of, 171

learning state, 656

listening state, 656

nonroot ports

blocking, 164

forwarding on, 164

port states, 165, 170

recalculating, 166–170

root bridge, 161–162, 170

root port, 164, 656

Spanning-Tree Protocol, 145

algorithm functionality, 160–161

benefits of, 160

purpose of, 158

resource information, 158

timers

Forward Delay, 165, 170

Hello time, 165

MaxAge, 165, 167

topology changes

bridge reactions if CBPDUS are not

received on any ports, 166

bridge reactions if CBPDUS are received

on some ports, 166–170

effects on bridge interfaces, 169

effects on root bridges, 170

notification, 165–166

timing out MAC address table entries, 170

verifying bridge MAC addresses

prior to, 169

VLAN information, displaying, 188

SPF (shortest path first) algorithm, 360

SPIDs (service profile identifiers), 570

defining, 579

subaddresses, 573

split horizon, 367–373, 378–382, 418, 422,

542–543, 675

split horizon with poison reverse, 418, 422

SPX, error recovery, 91, 114

SR/TLB (source-route translational bridging), 145

SRB (source-route bridging), 145

SRT (source-route transparent bridging), 145

STAC (compression software), 525, 550

standard IP access lists, 460, 462–465, 476

configuration, 646–647

controlling vty port access, 475–476

show ip route command

displaying details of, 460

filtering logic, 461

matching options, 466

matching parameters, 495

planning, 675–680

standard IPX access lists, 479–483

configuration, 646–647

filtering logic, 479

matching parameters, 484, 497

standards

ANSI standards for FDDI, 143–144, 202

IEEE standards for LANS, 143–144, 202

startup configuration file (IOS), 39

static Frame Relay maps, 662–664

static IP routes, 662–664

Status Enquiry messages (Frame Relay

interfaces), 675

store-and-forward processing (switches), 152–153,

203

structure, 117

subaddresses (ISDN SPIDs), 573

subcommands, 35

subinterfaces

Frame Relay

DLCI assignments, 553

IP addresses, 284–286

multipoint/point-to-point, 285

planning, 552

subnet masks, 236, 239–240, 316

display types, setting, 273

information, entering, 674

RIP-1/IGRP issues, 383–385

subnet numbers, 235, 315

calculating from IP addresseses and network

masks, 245–253

calculating given a network number and static

subnet mask, 259–265

displaying, 696

subnets, 107, 235, 240, 242, 315

administrative/technical needs for, 241–242

binary definition, 242–244

broadcast addresses, calculating from IP

addresseses and network masks, 254–258

broadcast subnets, 261

calculating given a network number and static

subnet mask, 265–267

deriving from IP address information, 429–435,

449–450

designing for Class B IP networks, 330–331,

341–344

designing for Class C IP networks, 331–332,

344–347

Frame Relay, 285

hosts, calculating given a network number and

static subnet mask, 265–267

IP addresses, calculating number of assignable

addresses given an IP address and mask,

258–259

not using, 243

planning, 678

zero subnet, 261

Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), 99

supernetting, 394

SVCs (switched virtual circuits), 530, 599

switches

1900 series, 178

addres violations, 178

autonegotiation, 180

CLI, 177–178

configuration, 178–187

as VTP clients, 199

as VTP servers, 198

duplex support, 180–182

IP support, 180–182

methods of, 178

configuration files

copying from TFTP servers, 179

copying to TFTP servers, 186–187

displaying version information, 178

erasing at reload time, 187

managing, 186–187

saving to TFTP servers, 179

updating at reload time, 187

cut-through processing, 152–153, 203

encapsulation

802.10, 177, 205

802.1Q, 175, 177, 205

ISL, 175–177, 205

LANE, 177, 205

fragment-free processing, 152–153, 203

Frame Relay operations, 534–538

full-duplex Ethernet, 153–154

switches

internal logic, 150

IOS CLI versus router IOS CLI, 187

IOS information, displaying, 186

ISDN

configuration, 587

defining to router, 579

logic behind, 148

MAC address tables

configuration, 182–185

displaying contents, 182–185

sample output, 183

neighboring devices, learning about via CDP,

45–47

port security, 183–185

ports

address violations, 185

assigning to VLANs, 188

duplex settings, verifying, 181–182

full-duplex, 180–182

half-duplex, 180–182

IP configuration, verifying, 181–182

MAC addresses, limiting associations

with, 183–185

numbering, 179

security, setting, 178

VLAN membership, displaying, 188

Spanning Tree configuration status, displaying,

193–194

store-and-forward processing, 152–153, 203

system files, managing, 186–187

Telnet connections, 289–292

version information, displaying, 186–187

versus bridges and routers, 157–158, 203–204

VTP configuration information, displaying, 199

SYN field (TCP connection establishment), 223

Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC), 522, 598

synchronous serial leased lines (WANs), 520, 590,

597

clock source, 521, 597

compression, 526–528

encapsulation, changing, 524

framing, 520

HDLC, 522, 591, 602

LAPB, 522, 591, 602

PPP, 522, 591, 601

syncronous serial interfaces (routers), 528

syslog (IOS), 32–34

syslog messages, flow, 57

system files (switches), managing, 186–187

T ISDN reference point, 572

T/1 lines, 521, 598

T/1 mux, 521, 598

TA (Terminal adapter) ISDN function group, 572

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 217, 697

connection-oriented nature of, 87

connections

establishing, 222–224, 320

termination, 222–224

data transfer, ordered, 218

error recovery, 89, 91, 114, 220–221, 320, 674

features of, 217

flow control, 221–222

forward acknowledgment, 220

functions of, 224

headers, 217–218, 225

multiplexing, 218–220

sockets, 218–220

versus UDP, 224–226, 317

TCP header compression

Frame Relay frames, 551

TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol), 211

ARP, 226–227

FTP, 232–234

control connections, 320

versus TFTP, 234, 318

ICMP, 227

Address Mask Request/Reply message,

228

Code field, 228

Destination Unreachable message,

227–230, 317

Echo message, 228, 232

Parameter Problem message, 228

Redirect message, 228, 231

Router Advertisment and Selection

message, 228

Source Quench message, 227

switches

Time Exceeded message, 227, 230–231

Timestamp message, 228

Type field, 228

TCP, 697

connection establishment/termination,

222–224, 320

data transfer, ordered, 218

error recovery, 220–221, 320

features of, 217

flow control, 221–222

forward acknowledgement, 220

functions of, 224

headers, 217–218, 225

multiplexing, 218–220

sockets, 218–220

versus UDP, 224–226, 317

TFTP, 232, 234

versus FTP, 234, 318

UDP, 697

data transer, 224

DNS, 224

functions of, 224–226

headers, 225

multiplexing, 224

NFS, 224

versus TCP, 224–226, 317

versus OSI and NetWare, 86–87

TE1 (Terminal Equipment 1) ISDN function

group, 572

TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2) ISDN function

group, 572

telco, 521, 597

Telnet

router connections, 289–292

concurrent, 29

configuration, 29

sessions

IP requirements, 304

resuming, 291

suspending, 289, 291

switch sessions, 289–292

telnet command, 289

terminal history size command, 31

terminal ip netmask command, 279

terminal ip netmask-format command, 273, 275, 322

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), 232, 234

servers

copying switch configuration files from,

179

saving switch configuration files to, 179

versus FTP, 234, 318

TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association),

529

ticks (metrics), 403

Time Exceeded ICMP message, 227, 230–231

Time To Live (TTL), 230, 674

timers (SAP), 487

Timestamp ICMP message, 228

Token Ring, 94

arbitration, 95

encoding, 102, 116

functional addresses, 97

functional MAC addresses, 138

IEEE standards, 143–144, 202

IPX encapsulation, 302

MAC address bit order, 139

MAC addresses, 96

online resources, 95

trace command, 230, 273, 322, 375, 419, 654, 657,

671, 692

traffic

IP, filtering, 460–462

IPX

displaying statistics on, 304

filtering, 476–479

ISDN, defining as interesting, 579

traffic-share balanced command, 395

traffic-share command, 374, 419

traffic-share min command, 395

trailers, 82

transparent bridging, 145–147

transparent mode (VTP), 188, 195–196

TCP/IP

transport layer (OSI reference model Layer 4), 76,

78, 113

connection-oriented/connectionless protocols,

87–89

encapsulation, 81, 83

error recovery, 89–91

flow control, 91–94

transport layer (OSI reference model Layer 4)

transport protocol (tunneling), 410

triggered updates, 418, 422

triggered updates (loops), 372

troubleshooting

IP routes, 396–403

loops, 418

routes when there are multiple routes to the

same subnet, 366–367

routing protocols, 396–403

trunk command, 188, 191

trunks

configuration, 188, 190–191

status, displaying, 188

verifying configuration, 191–193

VLAN pruning, 196

TTL (Time To Live) field, 230, 674

tunnel destination command, 413

tunnel interfaces, 409

tunnel mode command, 413

tunnel source command, 413

tunneling, 409

benefits of, 411

configuration, 412–413

encapsulation protocol, 410

justification for, 411

operation of, 410–411

passenger protocol, 410

transport protocol, 410

VPNs, 411–412

U ISDN reference point, 572

BIAs

UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 217, 697

data transfer, 224

DNS, 224

functions of, 224–226

headers, 225

multiplexing, 224

NFS, 224

versus TCP, 224–226, 317

undebug all command, 648

unicast addresses, 97

unicast MAC addresses, 138

BIAs

update timers, 422

user EXEC mode (IOS CLI), 29–30, 34, 56

V.35 WAN cabling standard, 529

V.35 WAN interface standard, 599

variance command, 374, 395, 419

VCs (virtual circuits), 97, 530, 599

addressing, 534–538

Frame Relay status, displaying, 697

vlan command, 188

VLAN Membership Policy Server (VMPS), 171

VLAN tagging, 175

vlan-membership command, 188

VLANs (virtual LANs)

benefits of, 177

configuration

issues before beginning, 187

on a single switch, 188–190

on multiple switches, 190–193

creating, methods of, 171

defining, 188

efficiency of, 172

function of, 171–173

implementing

in a single switch, 173

in multiple switches, 174–175

information, displaying, 188, 190

membership, displaying, 188

naming, 188

network changes, facilitating, 173

numbering, 188

parameters, verifying, 190

pruning, 196

disabling, 188, 198

enabling, 198

transport protocol (tunneling)

Spanning Tree information, displaying, 188

switch ports, assigning to, 188

tagging methods

802.10, 177, 205

802.1Q, 175, 177, 205

ISL, 175–177, 205

LANE, 177, 205

trunks

configuration, 188, 190–191

status, displaying, 188

verifying configuration, 191–193

VLAN pruning, 196

versus broadcast domains with switches for

each broadcast domain, 172–173

VLAN1, 190

VTP, 187

advertisements, 194

client mode, 195–196

clients, configuring switches as, 199

configuration, 196–199

configuration information, displaying, 199

configuration parameter defaults for 1900

series switches, 197

domain names, 197

domain passwords, 197

domains, 194

functionality of, 194

mechanics of, 194–196

parameters, defining, 188

parameters, resetting to defaults, 188

pruning, 196

pruning eligibility, 198

server mode, 195–196

servers, 194

servers, configuring switches as, 198

status, displaying, 188

transparent mode, 195–196

transparent mode, enabling, 188

traps, 198

VMPS (VLAN Membership Policy Server), 171

VPNs (virtual private networks), 411–412

VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol), 187

advertisements, 194

client mode, 195–196

clients, configuring switches as, 199

configuration, 196–199

configuration information, displaying, 199

configuration parameters, defaults for 1900

series switches, 197

domains, 194

names, 197

passwords, 197

functionality of, 194

mechanics of, 194–196

parameters

defining, 188

resetting to defaults, 188

pruning, 196

pruning eligibility, 198

server mode, 195–196

servers, 194

servers, configuring switches as, 198

status, displaying, 188

transparent mode, 188, 195–196

traps, 198

vtp command, 188, 199

vtp trunk pruning-disable command, 188

vty ports, controlling access with IP access lists,

475–476

WANs (wide-area networks)

2-wire circuits, 521, 597

4-wire circuits, 521, 597

access layer, 592–593

asynchronous serial leased lines, 521, 597

cabling

connectors, 529

standards, 528–529

certifications, 7–8

Core layer, 592–593

distribution layer, 592–593

DSU/CSU, 521, 597

Frame Relay, 529

components, 530

network characteristics, 530

HDLC

configuration, 523–528

compression, 526–528

interface standards, 599

LAPB protocol, 526–528

WANs (wide-area networks)

packet-switching services, 590

ATM, strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

Frame Relay, strengths/weaknesses,

591, 602

X.25, strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

PPP

compression, 526–528

configuration, 523–528

error detection, 525

LCP, 524–525

looped link detection, 525

protocols

error recovery, 522

HDLC, 521, 523, 598

LAPB, 521–522, 598

LAPD, 522, 598

PPP, 521, 523, 598

Protocol Type field, 522

SDLC, 522, 598

routers, 593

synchronous serial leased lines, 520, 590, 597

clock source, 521, 597

encapsulation, changing, 524

framing, 520

HDLC, 522, 591, 602

LAPB, 522, 591, 602

PPP, 522, 591, 601

well-known port numbers, 219

wildcard masks

extended IPX access list concerns, 486

IP addresses, 462–463

standard IPX access lists, 482–483

windowing, 93

TCP flow control, 221–222

write erase command, 40, 187

write terminal command, 279

X.21 WAN cabling standard, 529

X.21 WAN interface standard, 599

X.25

CCNA exam coverage, 590

strengths/weaknesses, 591, 602

zero subnet, 261

WANs (wide-area networks)